The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay -- The Crucible Salem Witchtrials

The Crucible by Arthur Miller The Crucible is an anecdotal retelling of occasions in American history encompassing the Salem witch preliminaries of the seventeenth century, yet is as much a result of the time in which Arthur Miller composed it, the mid 1950s, as it is depiction of Puritan culture. At that specific time during the 1950s, when Arthur Miller composed the play the American Senator McCarthy who led the ‘House Un-American Exercises Committee’ was extremely aware of socialism and dreaded its impact in America. It halted authors’ works being distributed in dread of them being communist supporters. Mill operator was intrigued by the Salem Witch Trials and that individuals were able to do such frenzy. During the 1950s the crowd would have considered the to be as an equal between the McCarthy preliminaries and the Salem Preliminaries. A 21st century crowd would take a gander at the play from the point of view of unnecessary delirium and allegations and would be astonished that human instinct when placed into these circumstances responds the way it does in the play. In present day time we can value the play without being worried about the equals of McCarthyism. In spite of the fact that my chose scene is just seventy five percent route through the play it is decisive in the manner that it shows the capacity of the court to acknowledge the judgments of individuals searching for retribution and the girls’ lies all through the preliminaries. The chronicled foundation to the play, albeit very old still identifies with human life and conduct. It shows the readiness of human creatures to accuse anybody however themselves. It authorizes the conviction that people are not prepared to assume liability for their activities and would prefer to discover a substitute than be noble. The key scene I... ...ready to do to get her way. Just the young ladies, Mary and Proctor know how much Abigail can control a circumstance in support of herself just as individuals. In any event, when she claims for help from Danforth they keep on resounding her. For example Mary: â€Å"Mr. Danforth!† Abigail and the young ladies: â€Å"Mr. Danforth!† This might be on the grounds that Abigail doesn't need Mary to come clean with Danforth and Abigail’s plot. This along these lines forestalls Danforth from getting some answers concerning Abigail and her control of different young ladies. Mary needs to demonstrate incredible self control to restrict Abigail; for example â€Å"I have no power.† In the stage bearings it shows Mary bringing all her assurance from inside to face Abigail. In this scene we can perceive how incredible Miller’s characters can be. Our early introduction of Abigail is exact in light of the fact that she is obviously equipped for sending individuals to death to spare herself.

Graduation Day free essay sample

hen I am approached to recall any exceptional event that stuck in my brain and I recollect it constantly. The primary thing that gets into my psyche is my secondary school graduation celebration. It was extraordinary night, it might drift us a great deal of cash, however it was fulfilled for some different reasons. It was in Jeddah Continual the standard theater, in the second of February. We snickered a great deal however we cried the most. Following multi year, a large number of us stood by energetically for this second to respect and trust that their turn will go onto the phase to get their trinkets. At the point when it was our chance to turn up on the stage me and my class, we were all exceptionally cheerful. My companion was the class screen she demands all the educators to ensure the trinkets were providing for the right understudy. I was the last one who got the trinket from my educator, Miss Rehab. We will compose a custom exposition test on Graduation Day or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Class screens were to introduce a bundle from the class to their educators. My companion indicate me to held it up for her. I hold the bundle with both my hands and moved to her. We shook our hands and embraced marginally. I was very timid around then since I actually have consistently appreciated her. From that point forward, the class orchestrated themselves to turn up on the stage and yelled â€Å"we love you Miss Rehab†, before everybody returned to their seats, I wasn’t mindful that our class would accomplish something like this in light of the fact that different classes didn't do this to their instructors. It was unbalanced for a second yet I was happy that we were unique

A Complete Guide on How to Start a Scholarship Essay

A Complete Guide on How to Start a Scholarship Essay Although beginning to write a scholarship essay may be a hard task, it will be easier if you take several important aspects into account. To create a compelling scholarship essay, you have to know your potential audience, make a list of your achievements, know why you are original personality and make notes about your purposes. This article will be your writing scholarship essay guide and provide tips to start your scholarship essay. Follow the instructions The first thing you should know about how to start a scholarship essay, is that you should carefully follow the instructions of the question in the application. Often the instructions can help to understand the question better. It is important because not following them may create a wrong impression about you, telling the committee that you are not able to do what you are asked to. Learn about the potential audience When you are preparing to write a scholarship essay, think of who will be your audience. What mission does the company want to complete? Does the studentship have a particular objective? Learning about the purposes and values of the company will provide you with the possibility to make a good paper. Consider if you are a suitable candidature for the scholarship and will the company fulfill its goal if they award you. If the answer is no, then you should probably search for a studentship that corresponds your skills and purposes. Besides, you must have a full understanding of the directions on the studentship application. Make a list of achievements Concerning scholarship essay introduction writing it should be mentioned that there must be a list of achievements in the introduction. It may seem a little uncomfortable but emphasizing your achievements in the paper is important. Even if you were taught not to boast, in this case it can work. The committee who decides who will get the studentship is likely to give it to the person who deserves it in their opinion, so you should persuade them that you are definitely the one who deserves it. Consider the jobs and projects you have participated in and the awards you have got. Although there is no need to write about everything, creating a list will be a good start for the paper. Try to stand out Once you have made a list of achievements, think of why you are an original personality. It may become the hardest point of beginning an essay but it is the most significant one. It is important to show that you stand out of all other people who want to get this studentship. Look through the list of achievements you have made and think which one makes you proud most. You may also consider the difficulty you faced and the way you overcame it. Remember that every person has uniqueness in him, and if you know yours you will get more chances to have the scholarship. Consider your objectives The committee that decides who will get the studentship apparently wants to know that the person will spend it properly. This means that you must state your objectives clearly to persuade the committee to help you. Tell about the reasons why you wish to attend a particular college. What knowledge do you want to get while studying there? Think of your objectives concerning your future job and how this educational institution can help you to fulfill them. Tell how your purposes correspond to the mission of the company. These aspects will help you to create a compelling work and will get you closer to winning a studentship. The last important thing you should remember before you start writing a studentship essay, it should be honest and sincere.

Survey On Keyword Search Of Relational Databases Essay

SURVEY ON KEYWORD SEARCH IN RELATIONAL DATABASES Chavan Aparna R1, Bangar S2 1 M. Tech Scholar, Department of Computer Science Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT), Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT), Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India Abstract Keyword search is the most effective information discovery method in documents. The large volume of data is stored in databases. Plain text coexists with structured data, unstructured data for this type of data efficient processing of top-k queries is a crucial requirement. This paper describes fundamental characteristics including relational database, top-k queries, steiner trees. Recently, Tuple units are used to improve the keyword search by joining the multiple related tuple units and indexes are used for structural relationships. In this paper various existing techniques for developing search system are compared. This survey also describes the Ranking. Ranking queries are dominant in many emerging applications for finding top-k answers. The research strategy used to resolve is top-k query processing. Key Words: Keyword Search, Top-k Query Processing, Relational Databases, Tuple Units. --------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction Data mining is the process that attempts to discover patternsShow MoreRelatedThe Issues On Multimedia Mining2951 Words   |  12 PagesThese data are stored in multimedia database, multimedia mining which is used to find information from large multimedia database system, using multimedia techniques and powerful tools. This paper analyzes aboutthe use of essential characteristics of multimedia data mining, retrieving information is one of the goals of data mining and different issues have been discussed. 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Chameleon Research Paper Free Essays

Chameleon By: Taylor Ladd Classification: Phylum- Chordata, Class- Reptilia, Order- Squamata, Family- Chamaeleonidae, Genus- Chamaeleo, Species- Chameleon. Physical Description: The Chameleon is a colorful reptile with a tail and tongue the size of its body. Their body is covered in scales that can change color to blend in with its surroundings so it makes it an amazing creature. We will write a custom essay sample on Chameleon Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has eyes that can rotate around so they can see behind them. Evolutionary Adaptations- The most amazing adaption that the Chameleon has is that they can change their color pigments to blend in with their surroundings to keep hidden from predators and prey. Chameleon’s have super long tongues so that they can extend them and slurp up their prey. They also have eyes that rotate around so they can see 360 degrees around them at all times to help them keep track of predators and prey. Life History: Life Span- 5 to 9 years varies by the species. Range/distribution- Half the world’s population of Chameleon’s is in Madagascar an island off the east coast of Africa. There are also Chameleon’s found in Africa, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Southern Spain, and India. Reproduction- Chameleon’s have internal fertilization, some species have live births others also lay eggs. Diet- Most Chameleon’s eat small insects. Some have been reported to have eaten wild berries and vegetable matter. Larger Chameleon’s will eat small birds, reptiles, and mammals. Habitat- Chameleon’s are mostly found in rainforest. They like to perch in trees and wait for prey to walk by. Defense Mechanisms- The Chameleon has one of the most rare defense mechanisms of all creatures, they can change color pigments to blend in with their surrounding so that they can slip by predators in stealth. They have eyes that can rotate around 360 degrees and see two things at once. Interesting Facts- When a male Chameleon find a female he wants to mate with he puts on a color show of all his best colors and if the female is turned on she will run and they will play chase then mate. If the female is not turned on by the color show she will stand her ground and sometimes even fight the male. One rare this about this reptile is that some of its species have live birth and others have eggs which is pretty amazing. Chameleon By: Taylor Ladd How to cite Chameleon Research Paper, Essays

Raleigh Rosse Case Study free essay sample

Considering that luxury retailers unusually discounted prices and could also access the same luxury goods brands, RR used the costumer’s experience and his relationship with the company as a competitive differentiator. Since the main goal of the company was to satisfy its consumers providing better services, we can identify the RR pivotal strategic positions, i. e. those which have the potential to lead to high incremental results for the strategy and value of the company1, as the sales associates, that are the employees who worked on the sales floor, who therefore have more contact with costumers. In order to gain competitive advantage and achieve its goals, RR store managers were in charge of hiring, training, and continually motivating these sales employees. Since the key factor of advantage was costumer relationship, RR afforded to offer to their sales association a salary substantially higher than the one offered by their competitors. The salary could also increase due to an employee performance improvement. The sales associates’ performance was measured by weekly sales, and the performance of store managers was based on eleven measures including weekly store revenues and customer satisfaction. So, we can conclude that the company adapted different metrics to different employees. During this period we can also refer that the career prospects for the ordinary employees were not very optimist, since we face a family company in which the promotion opportunities were very limited to family members. The fact that the career prospects were not very appellative could be an important characteristic to not attract and retain potential talents. In the early 1990’s the CEO Brian Rosse recognized that RR required a more formal Human Resource policy to result in more scalable measures. Due to this problem, he and the HR Director (his cousin), developed and implemented the â€Å"RR Ownership Culture†. The main objective of this program was to make sure that the new employees’ values were aligned with the company’s values, i. e. committed employees to serve in the best way the RR costumers by creating a more entrepreneurial and accountable environment. It is interesting that in the last case we studied, the GE’s CEO Jack Welch implemented, as well, a matrix in which not only the performance was valued, but also the commitment with the company’s values. In GE the matrix was well established, what will not happen in this case. Moreover, one of the main aspects of the â€Å"Ownership Culture† program was to maintain the policy of filling the upper level position by intrafirm inflow2, i. e. promoting employees within the company. However, due to the expansion strategy, RR now promotes opportunities to non-family members. The company also changed the sales associates hiring profile, basing it on biographical data3, by requiring recent college graduates with a strong work ethic. It is also important to refer that for sales associates positions, the company continued with its interfirm inflow4 policy, i. . allocate employees in these positions that did not work previously in the company. Another policy implemented by this model was the higher economic rewards for top sales associates. The company only motivates its employees by giving economic benefits, which could not be the best way to do it. The last two initiatives and policies implemented reinforced the empowerment of store managers, giving them the authority to manage their stores the way they want, including their sales associates. As we will discuss further these policies will lead to several problems within RR. In order to establish the â€Å"Ownership Culture†, Brian Rosse also invented and developed a performance appraisal for which he gave the name of Sales-Per-Hour (SPH). We can define performance appraisal as the process through which an organization gets information on how well an employee is doing his job5. This new system homogenized the metric of measure for sales associates and store managers. In our opinion, this was a negative strategy since different levels of employees have different means to contribute to the company’s value, therefore different types of employees demand different metrics of performance measure6. Collings, D. Mellahi, K. (2009). Strategic talent management: A review and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 19 (4): 304-313 2 Madsen, T. , Mosakowsi, E. , Zaheer, S. (2003). Knowledge Retention and Personnel Mobility: The Nondisruptive Effects of Inflows of Experience. Organization Science, 14 (2): 173-191 3 Noe, R. , Hollenbeck, J. , Gerhart, B. Wright, P. (2008). Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage. McGraw-Hill. 4 Madsen, T. , Mosakowsi, E. , Zaheer, S. (2003). Knowledge Retention and Personnel Mobility: The Nondisruptive Effects of Inflows of Experience. Organization Science, 14 (2): 173-191 5 Noe, R. , Hollenbeck, J. , Gerhart, B. Wright, P. (2008). Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage. McGraw-Hill. 6 Deanne N. den Hartog, Paul Boselie and Jaap Paauwe (2004). Performance Management: A Model and Research Agenda. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 2004, 53 (4), 556-569 1 Group 2 Human Resources Management The target SPH was based on each employee hourly wage and department, thus, each employee had different targets. However, according to Management by Objectives (MBO) programs, the company should involve the staff in setting the goals for which the workers are evaluated7, which does not happen in this case. Therefore the company could not establish realistic and achievable targets. To better understand the quality of the SPH program, we did an analysis based on the connections of a MBO that we learned in the article Performance Appraisal, Performance Management and Improving Individual Performance: A Motivational Framework. In the first connection, which is action-to-result, we can detect several problems. The sales associates seek for more sales, but at the same time they must provide all the customer service that RR demand. So during the period that associates are doing customer service, they are accumulating more hours and none sale to their SPH. This could lead to a quicker and worst customer service in return to more sales. Another problem in this connection was the empowerment that store managers had for reallocate and schedule the time periods for each sales associate, which gave no power or flexibility to the sales associates. In order to maximize this link, the company should provide feedback to its employees. Store managers would monthly provide a publicly review of the sales associates’ SPH performance versus its target. Under these circumstances RR did provide feedback but in our opinion not in the best way, because it should be provided individually and not publicly. The second connection is results-to-evaluation, where the company should provide a clear definition of the job and the relevant results that would be evaluated. This is exactly what did not occurred in RR, in which employees complained for not having a straight distinction between â€Å"selling time† and â€Å"non-selling time†, to calculate the SPH. We can also refer that the SPH targets could not be under the control of the employees because it was the store managers who chose the work schedule of sales associates. Therefore a sales associate who works on peak hours will probably sell more than one who works on off-peak hours. This could lead to the problem of self-fulfillment prophecy, i. . if a store manager believes that one associate is good he will put him working on peak hours and consequently this employee will sell really well and be considered an excellent associate. The third connection is evaluation-tooutcome, which in this case was constant over time in result of the fact that RR used always the SPH. The last connection is outcome-to-need satisfaction, in which we can enhance the fact that sometimes the outcome wa s not consistent with an employee current need state. This could lead to a sale associate perceiving his allocation as unfair and then resulting in the following problem8 that combine the first connection as well: â€Å"†¦if participants do not perceived the system to be fair, the feedback to be accurate, or the sources to be credible then they are more likely to ignore and not use the feedback they receive† (Levy and Williams, 2004, p. 897). In result of our analysis we could conclude that the SPH model is not efficient and fair, so as expected the model brings several problems to RR. The work environment was really cumbersome, with frequent sales contest between associates, leading associates to steal credits from each other. However, since the customers are satisfied, the company does not care about this intense work environment. The model also incentives employees to manipulate the system by logging in only in the best hours, and by working extra hours that would not be recorded. This last problem ended up in two investigations, which resulted in two lawsuits against the company as well. Another important aspect of RR is that during the years, the company was only concerned with its customers and did not pay any kind of attention to employees’ issues and complaints. Therefore the RR’s human resource policy resulted in rewarding the â€Å"smarter† employees and not the more committed, which led, as we saw in the last years, to a decrease of the company’s performance. Thus, we can conclude that the employees’ evaluations and outputs are not placed in the correct way so that employees will not focus their efforts in ways that will lead to the desired level of performance improvement 9. In sum, the group concluded that the Human Resources strategy was not aligned with the company overall strategy and the performance management was not aligned with the company goals. Therefore RR should listen to Bill Schwartz and change the company’s Ownership Culture, by developing a Performance management in order to ensure that employees’ activities and outputs are congruent with the company’s goals10. 7 Angelo S. DeNisi and Robert D. Pritchard (2006). Performance Appraisal, Performance Management and Improving Individual Performance: A Motivational Framework.

Sports And Aggressive Behavior Essay Paper Example For Students

Sports And Aggressive Behavior Essay Paper Sport and aggressive behavior, Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. The term violence is defined as physical assault based on total disregard for the well being of self and others, or the intent to injure another person ( 2. Coakley). Intimidation usually does not cause physical harm, but often is designed to produce psychological consequences, enabling one person to physically over power or dominate another. These statements as defined by the author, Jay J. Coakley, is what people today have made a must part on sport. Pleasure and participation sports absolutely cannot be grouped with power and performance sports when in relation to aggression.Pleasure sports are simply played for pleasure. We will write a custom essay on Sports And Aggressive Behavior Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Score is usually not kept. The athletes participating are usually on occasion doing it for fun and exercise. A majority of athletes who have been playing sports since they were little, have probably been pounded into their heads that to be successful in sport, you need to be aggressive, and at some times, unnecessary. Also that to get what you want, you have to go at it with all force. Not that this is wrong but, this attitude in today’s society has been a major problem factor to the athletes when they get older, to get into trouble with the law. Those long-term effects of so called discipline, patterns develops these destructive behaviors. (9. Montague) Although some people are still in belief that aggressive behaviors in all forms, are grounded into instincts, but they also relate these actions to sports. Their parents played, who were known for their aggressive behavior, so the child feels that they have to live up to that expectation.( 6. Storr) Athletes do have to be agg ressive to a point, so that the team can form a strategy to win. There is also a limit to aggression when it turns into violence. People might say that it’s not aggression or violence, it’s just adrenaline pumping. Adrenaline isn’t even similar to violence. Aggression, maybe, but nothing that would be harmful to anyone else. This might be a factor to why contact sports are so popular. For example, football, hockey, rugby, wrestling, and boxing. Contrary to predictions of instinct theory, several studies show that contact sports exist and thrive in the same societies that have high rates of aggression and violence. Unfortunately, another belief is that contact sports teach discipline, self-respect, and self-defense. (8. May ) Contact sports aren’t a positive way to teach these things. Being physically tough helps, but it also needs to be left on the field when the game is over. This can also lead to the abuse of family, girlfriends, boyfriends, friends, an d any other person who gets in their â€Å"way†, because athletes use these sports as a way to get their aggression and angers out. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam ) Other’s might argue that it’s skill, and not in the least way violent. Although we really can’t give a straight and to the point answer to the question â€Å"Is aggression an Instinct?† We can say that in man, as in other animals, there exists a physiological mechanism, when stimulated, it rises both subjective feelings of anger and to physical changes, which relate to fighting. This is easily set off, and like other emotional responses, it is very stereotyped, and instinctive. Just like one person is like a very angry person; they resemble one another at the psychological level. The way in which humans adapt to and control their feelings of rage. ( 5. Toch) The mechanisms in which these body changes, the functions that come about is still completely misunderstood. ( 5. Toch) Experiments fr om animal’s show that it appears that there is a small area from the base of the brain in which the feeling of anger starts. This, from which is sent to the nervous impulses that cause the blood pressure to rise. This area is called the hypothalamus. Its function is to coordinate responses like anger. ( 3 Diamond) The relationship between anger, rage, and violence, and psychopathology that is abnormal, or unnatural in human behavior and experience. People demonstrate their anger reactions in different ways. Similar to most human behavior, violence has a meaning that it only seems â€Å"senseless† or â€Å"meaningless† to the extent that we are unable to understand it. Most violence starts the fiery human emotions of anger and rage. Not all violent behavior has its origins in anger and rage; some of it is learned, as mentioned before. Some violence is driven primarily by as Friedrich Nietzsche referred as â€Å"the will to power†. In other words, rage. ( 3 . Diamond) Rage is an instinctual and defensive reaction to severe stress, or physical threat. This is an automatic reflex that people share with animals. This response to serious threat is referred to by Walter Cannon as the â€Å"fight or flight† response. It’s the first defense for the survival of the species. Any other threat to the continued physical existence, a person would have the instinct to try to leave, or if they can’t, then physically defend them by attacking the source of the threat. ( 7 . Hawkins, Fredman ) Relating to the fact that men are more aggressive than women are, studies shown in several cases those testosterone levels in young men especially are. The high levels of endogenous testosterone seem to encourage behavior apparently intended to dominate, to enhance one’s status over other people. ( 9. .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .postImageUrl , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:hover , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:visited , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:active { border:0!important; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:active , .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a12f75c6a0f3bcb12e014436ad84edf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetics Research Essay Montague) Sometimes aggressive behavior is aggressive, it’s apparent intent being to inflict harm on another person, but often dominance is expressed nonaggressively. Measurement of testosterone at a single point in time presumably indicator of a man’s basal testosterone level, predicts many of these dominant behaviors. Numerous animal experiments, this one particular to rodents, show that raising testosterone increases aggressiveness. This is in relation to the dominance and antisocial behavior related to the individuals. An individual can be said to act dominantly if it’s apparent intent is to achieve or maintain high status, to obtain power influence, or valued prerogatives. Rodents do typically dominate aggressively, but it isn’t true of humans. Much of interpersonal behavior is overtly or subtly concerned with managing dominance and subordination without causing physical harm. It is harder to identify instances of aggression of a dominating motives, things related to religious sacrifices. It is understood that motivations are different from different situations for dominance and aggression. ( 1. Felson, Tedeschi) Clinical science assumes that all men are capable of bloody destructiveness. It maintains that image with most people who do away with their hatreds and, and although There are some instances where this effort fails. Some people are so shy about their aggressiveness that when they are provoked in the least little way, they become so violent that they are unbearable. Even a slight review of violent conduct suggests that violence isn’t blind, and random. Members of fighting gangs are frequently nonviolent when separated from their members. Many extremely dangerous people seem to specialize in certain areas of victims. This is in relation to taking the aggressiveness off the field. There is sometimes a relationship between being violent and being socially improper. Violence usually takes place in certain circles, certain settings, and on certain occasions. If violence is really blind and random, it’s hard to understand why we should find so much in specific situations. Does a man assault his wife rather than the athlete who messed up simply because she’s available? Violence can’t be associated with angry explosions. There is shape and form to violence. Patterns of destructiveness show consistently, and they relay from person to person. As for each of us, violence seems to be tied to a restricted range of life situations. It seems to reflect purpose, and implies the presence of hidden meanings. So, how do we satis fy it? How is it provoked? How do violent people function? (4. Stepansky) The level of testosterone circulating in the bloodstream may affect dominating or aggressive behavior by activating receptors in organs or the nervous system. Focusing on young males who have passed through puberty. There are associated reports that show a relatively high level of testosterone with dominant, aggressive, or antisocial actors including several studies of men in jail. The scientists found that no significant testosterone difference between those who fought in prison, and those who did not, between the ages of 18 to 35. However, prisoners with a prior record of violence and aggression related crimes, they had a significantly higher testosterone level than those without a history. In the age group of 18to 45, sorted into the same groups, those with chronic aggressive behavior, those socially dominant without physical aggressiveness, and those who were neither aggressive or dominant, their testosterone levels were not significantly different between the aggressive and dominant groups, but they also had significantly higher testosterone than the group that was either aggressive or dominant. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) A similar study was tested on college hockey players. ( 1. Felson , Tedeschi) They studied 14 male college players ages 18 to 23, and found a significant correlation between testosterone and coach ratings of player’s aggressiveness in respond to threat. Another study was done on four male physicians. Ranging from ages to 23 to 38, they were confined on a boat for a two week holidaycruise. The testosterone level to be correlated with the physician’s assertiveness and dominant behavior, as ranked by three women on the boat. Overall, there is considerable evidence from a variety of settings that in men, circulating testosterone is correlated with dominant or aggressive behavior, and antisocial norm breaking. Correlation doesn’t imply any reason, and the question is still being pondered, â€Å"Is high testosterone a cause of dominant and antisocial behavior?† ( 9. Montague) There has also been argument whether or not that women can be as aggressive and dominant as men. Despite considerable speculation that testosterone is associated with aggression or status in women, the literature is few and far between. Scientists report that testosterone levels in 55 women increased the status of their occupations. .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .postImageUrl , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:hover , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:visited , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:active { border:0!important; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:active , .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75 .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6bb8949afd2c6d79953611ef4ab9a75:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Gentrification Theory: Ruth Glass Essay Another study was done with women who were patients in a neurological clinic, found significantly higher testosterone levels among relatively aggressive patients compared to less aggressive ones, but they also differed in diagnois, and making the comparison suspect. ( 5. Toch) The issue of sex differences has been addressed by asking how men and women respond to an identical competitive situation. Testosterone was given by saliva to young men and women before, during, and after competing with a same sex partner in a video game. The hormonal response to the competition was different in each sex. Males showed the usual pre contest rise in testosterone, but females did not. Males did not show the usual result that testosterone levels of winners is higher than that of losers, apparently because the video game produced no mood difference between male winners and losers. A mood difference was produced between female winners and losers, but the female showed no specific response to the competition. These results show that the outcome of the competition on testosterone specific to men. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) From laboratory results and athletic studies, the testosterone level rises in men awaiting a contest, regardless of the eventual outcome contest. Generalizing to the street, hormone levels should be elevated in young men who are constantly against assaults on their reputations. Of course, testosterone level is also affected by the outcome of the contest, so persistent losers might be hormonally depressed, but most men, those with mixed outcome or better, should have elevated testosterone level. ( 3. Diamond) Leaving behind the historic roots of the South, there may be a general hypersensitivity to insult in any subculture that is, or once was organized around young men who are constantly constrained by traditional community agents of social control, as after occurs in frontier countries, gangs, among bohemians, and after social breakdown or natural diseases. When young men place special emphasis on protecting their images and reputations, and they are not restrained from doing so, dominance contests become necessary, the hallmark of male to male interaction. ( 5. Toch) To interpret racial differences in testosterone, a compar ison of black and white boys ages 6 to 18 years, mostly preteens, showed no significant race different in testosterone. By adulthood, black males do have significantly higher testosterone levels than white males, possibly reflecting the higher defensive demands on black men during adulthood. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam) The reciprocal linkage between hormones and behavior suggests that if testosterone levels among young men in the inner city are highlighted by their constant defensive posture against challenge and these high hormone levels in turn encourage further dominance contests. Feedback between challenge and testosterone may create a various circle, sometimes with lethal effects.(7. Hawkins, Fredman) During puberty, the effects of testosterone on behavior appear to work primarily through long term reorganizations of the body and neurohormanal system, and only secondary through short term activation. By the end of puberty, usually around 16 years, the body is nearly at itâ€⠄¢s adult form so behavior is affected primarily by the level of testosterone circulating in the blood stream, which can activate steroid receptors. (10. Hauser, Powers, Noam) There is a string correlation and experimental evidence that testosterone levels respond in predictable ways both before and after competitions for status. First, testosterone rises shortly before a competitive event, as if anticipating the challenge. Second, after the conclusion of competition, testosterone levels in winners rises relative to that of losers. Testosterone also rises after status evaluations, and it falls after status demotions, These effects require the presence of appropriate mood changes. Limited evidence suggests that this pattern of testosterone responses is specific to men. ( 4. Stepansky) As these studies have suggested, aggression in sport is there, but the men mainly showcase it. Aggressive people are attracted to contact violent sport competitions, to where they can fit in while being violent. On the other hand, sports can create aggressive behaviors that could lead to worse things. Women can and will showcase this, but as said before, men show a stronger case of it. Things of this nature have been going on for centuries, every since the beginning of sport, unfortunately, if these behaviors aren’t controlled, the young children might be the ones to suffer by an outcome that nobody wants to see, doing away with sports in general. 1977 5. Violent Men; an inquiry into the pychology of violence, Hans Toch 1969 6. Human Aggression, Anthony Storr 19681. Aggression and Violence, social interactionists perspectives. , Richard B. Felson and James T. Tedeschi 1993 2. Sport in Society, Issues and Controversies 6th edition, Jay J. Coakley 1998 3. Anger, Madness, and the Daimaonic; the pyschologists genesis of Violence, evil and creativitiy. Stephen A. Diamond 1996 4. A History of Aggression Freud, Paul E. Stepansky 7. The Creation of Deviance, Interpersonal and organized determinants, Richard Hawkins, Gary Fredman, 1975 8. Power and Innocence, Rollo May 1972 9. Man and Aggression, Ashley Montague 1968 10. Adolescents and their Families , Paths of Ego Development, Stuart T. Hauser, Sally I. Powers, Gil G. Noam 1991

Focus on the Learner- Celta Essay Example

Focus on the Learner Focus on the Learner- Celta Essay Focus on the Learner- Celta Essay Focus on the Learner- Questionnaire 1) What is your name? _______________________________________ 2) What is your age? _______________________________________ 3) What country are you from? _______________________________________ 4) What languages do you speak? _______________________________________ 5) Did you go to school /university in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦? _______________________________________ 6) Have you studied English before? Where? _______________________________________ 7) Why do you want to learn English? ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______ 8) Who do you speak English with and where? ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ 9 ) Did you work in your country? What was your job? ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ 10) How long have you been in the UK? ______________________________________ 1) Do you like it here? Why/why not? ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ 12) What are your interests? ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________________ 13) On a scale of 1-3, (1=no 2=ok 3=yes) which one helps you learn best a. Looking at books, pictures, board b. Listening to the teacher or CD c. Doing hands on activities d. All of the above 14) What do you want to learn from this course? ____________________________________________________________ ___________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________ 15) What skills do you think you need to improve? __________________ __________________________________________ ___________________ 16) On a scale of 1-3 (1=no 2=ok 3=yes)which activities do you enjoy the most when learning English? e. Speaking f. Listening g. Reading h. Writing 17) For the following areas below, please describe your strengths and weaknesses in your English skills: Reading Strengths:____________________________________________________________ ____ Weaknesses:____________________________________________________________ ____ Writing Strengths:____________________________________________________________ ____ Weaknesses:____________________________________________________________ ____ Listening Strengths:____________________________________________________________ ____ Weaknesses:____________________________________________________________ ____ Speaking Strengths:____________________________________________________________ ____ Weaknesses:____________________________________________________________ ____ Grammar Strengths:____________________________________________________________ ____ Weaknesses:____________________________________________________________ ____ Vocabulary Strengths:____________________________________________________________ ___ Weaknesses:____________________________________________________________ ___ Pronunciation Strengths:____________________________________________________________ ___ Weaknesses:____________________________________________________________ ___ Tell me about this picture? What is your favourite food? :

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing plan - Essay Example The Insider Fashions has got a good reception to in the market, thanks to its broad range of customers. Its target market has found the place a one stop shop for all the family fashion. This has brought the need for the store to stretch its branches in various parts of the state. Therefore, it is only from a good marketing plan that the operations of this company can be well executed. Mission Statement, Goals and Objectives The mission of The Insider Fashion Store is to ‘’use the displayed opportunity in the current trends in fashion to provide the best outfit solution to all categories of customers, under one roof, through vigorous market research and rapid product design’’. Its vision is to ‘’become a world class store of the best outfits to all consumer categories’’. As a progressive store, The Insider has a goal to cover all the states in the USA by 2014. SWOT Analysis i. Strengths The Insider Fashions Store is a one stop shop for all the family cloths; therefore it attracts a broad range of customers. There is a welcoming mood created by the store’s employees, where customers are ushered in, well attended to and even provided with snacks to keep them shopping even for longer hours. The store stocks a range of products from all over the world, most of which, come from the most reputable brands in the world. It has partnered with children's entertainment companies to provide various entertainment facilities like video games for the children. This makes the parents to prefer the store since they can move in with their children and stay for longer hours without the children complaining Provision of trial rooms where the outfits are tried by customers to confirm the sizes. ii. Weaknesses The store is forced to charge relatively higher prices than its competitors since it deals with exclusive high quality products which come from far and at high prices. There is need to train employees thoroughly befor e they are employed, this makes the store to lose a lot of money in training iii. Opportunities All the store’s branches have been strategically placed at busy malls and near big colleges where there is a thrilling lot of customers There is a need for a one stop shopping store for all the family outfits which the store has exploited. There is still need for such stores in various parts of the state, an opportunity that the store has taken up positively and planning for further expansion. The store specializes in training its employee and is now planning to start up a commercial training college for such services. iv. Threats There is stiff competition that the store receives from several other stores set up in the state. By opening up a commercial training facility, there are high chances that the store will disperse its idea of success which other people will use to start up other stores like The Insider. There is also a threat of the new companies that are entering the mark et with new strategies The store has a threat of losing its international customers in case similar stores are starting up in the customers’ respective countries. Market Segmentation The market will be segmented in the strength of the customers’ demographic characteristics. The stores around colleges will be stocked up with various youth outfits, more than the other outfits of other age categories. The prices at these stores near colleges will also be lowered to consider that the targeted clients at these places are students who have tendencies of spending less money. For example, one

Investment Enhancement Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investment Enhancement Paper - Essay Example Also by diversify portfolio investors are able to earn more consistent returns on their investment and if one stock does not perform well and does not yield positive return then the other one could perform well and yield positive return thus the overall risk of the portfolio is reduced and investors are in a position to save their investment from fluctuations of stock as well as market. There are different techniques that investors around the world use to diversify their portfolio and maximize their return. Investing internationally or in the international markets is one of the most common techniques that investors use to diversify their portfolio. This gives more chances to investors to enhance their investment and earn better returns. In addition to while making investment internationally, investors have also used alternative investment vehicles to diversify their portfolio and to enhance their investment. This report analyzes how investors around the world have been diversifying t heir portfolio by investing internationally and by making use of alternative vehicles. international portfolio diversification on an investment portfolio When investors are investing in a particular asset they normally face two types of risks. These two types of risk are; systematic risk and nonsystematic risk. These types of risk influence the stock price and thus the return of the investors is changed. Non-systematic risk is the risk of a particular asset, stock or company in which the investment is being made and it is also called the diversifiable risk as it can be reduced drastically by creating a portfolio and diversifying the investment. The other kind of risk is called the systematic risk and it is the market risk or risk of a portfolio. The risk of a stock is reduced by diversifying the portfolio and by making investment in stock of different industries. However even after diversifying the portfolio in a particular market, the market risk cannot be reduced (Gitman, 2003). T he following graph shows that as the investor diversifies its portfolio the non-systematic risk of the portfolio reduces and as the portfolio becomes more and more diversified, the non-systemic risk reduces. However by diversifying portfolio, the systematic risk or market risk is not diversified or reduced. Market risk is the risk that can be because of fluctuations in the market, economic condition of the country, political instability and several other macroeconomic factors that would directly or indirectly impact the stock prices. (Source: Systematic versus Non-Systematic Risk) So in order to enhance the investment and further reduce the risk of the portfolio, investors have started investing stocks and assets in other countries as it reduces the market risk. By investing in different markets, the impact of change in the return because of a particular market is reduced in the overall investment and therefore the overall risk of the portfolio is reduced. The following graph reflec ts that the risk of the portfolio is further reduced as stocks from other parts of the world are included in the portfolio. Therefore diversifying portfolio and investing in different stocks around the world would reduce the risk of the portfolio and therefore it would enhance the investment. So, investing internationally would reduce the market risk and thus the overall risk

Ethical Issues On Genetic Engineering Philosophy Essay

Ethical Issues On Genetic Engineering Philosophy Essay There have been over the years many ethical issues as it concerns new technologically or scientifically advancement projects and inventions. Men were afraid of using lifts the first time it was invented. Men were also afraid of the use of airplanes the first time that they were invented and even till date, there exists some group of people in some parts of the world that doesnt desire to make use of airplanes as a means of transportation due to their view that this is a bad means of transportation. It is therefore however, a point worthy of arguing the different sides taken by different individuals that exists today as it concerns the science of cloning and genetic engineering. It is of great importance to make some explanations and definition of terms. What is Cloning? According to Voneky Wolfrum Cloning is the technological process and science of creation of an identical copy of the original organism or human through the mechanism of unfertilized ovums nucleus replacement with the nucleus of a body cell from this original organism or human. (Voneky Wolfrum, 2004). This establishes the fact that the developing embryo will actually have to die. This is because once its nucleus is changed; it means that this embryo has been changed because the nucleus is its functional unit and hence its identity. This is the basis of many arguments against this science. On the other hand, the definition of genetic engineering is the act of modification and changes to the DNA structure. We will talk more on genetically engineered foods and this however can be defined as food items that their DNA structure have been changed or modified through the science of genetic enginee ring. To concentrate now on the cloning technology, it will be of great importance to productively and constructively argue out this situation. Harris stated that the initial emergence of the cloning technology was met with great obstacles by individuals, governing bodies and the socially significant post holders. (Harris, 2002). Technological challenges and constraints the most fundamental limitation is the impossibility of repetition of consciousness, and this means that we cannot talk about the full identity of individuals, as shown in some movies, but only on the conditional identity measure and the boundary of which is yet to be research, but for the support of the basis takes the identity of monozygotic twins. Failure to reach absolute purity of the experience causes some clones is not identical, for this reason that decreases the practical value of cloning. Fear of causing such things as a large percentage of failures in cloning and related possibility of the appearance of people-freaks, as well as the issues of fatherhood, motherhood, inheritance, marriage, and many others. From the point of view of the worlds major religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism), human cloning is a problematic act or an act that goes beyond dogma and demands theologians clear justification of a position religious hierarchy. The key point, which causes the greatest aversion, here is the fact that to order to obtain a clone of one human being it is necessary to kill the embryo of another human embryo. Moreover, there are ethical beliefs, social and religious beliefs that continue to emphasize the need never to allow cloning. The major reason posed by these groups of people includes; 1) the creation of man is the sole duty of God and that it is bad for humans to try to take up these duties upon themselves and 2) the killing of one person to give life to the other through the act of replacement of the embryos nucleus is considered as murder according to most religious beliefs due to the fact that they believe that the embryo is human. Some investigations show the fact that some people hereby declare their stands that hold the belief on the other side. It is the duty of man to provide all help for his life and this he can do through the increased advancements in technology. There were the periods of Stone Age culture, computer and jet age and all these portray increased advancements in technology and also portray yet the reasons for more advancement. Advancements in technologies are aimed at solving mans problems and making life easy for a man. It is through the process of cloning that the endangered animal species could be salvaged. This forms also the opportunity of help to infertile humans with the need of reproducing their like. It is a way of maintaining the existence of the gene of any great influential man that had ever lived overcoming the barrier that death poses to hinder the furtherance of the societal economic important activities of this trait. The embryo at this stage has no senses, does not breath, has no awareness of the environment and hence is not yet a human but just an organ. When we consider the therapeutic cloning that could be used instead of organ transplantation, we can appreciate the fact that cloning is a very useful aspect of medicine as it affords an easier opportunity of managing such a patient in order that there will be no such need of prescribing immunosuppressive drugs which has its own numerous deleterious side effects against the human organism. There are two main approaches to human cloning: the human reproductive cloning and the therapeutic cloning. The human reproductive cloning suggests that an individual who was born as a result of cloning, gets the name, civil rights, education, upbringing, in a word has the same life as all ordinary people. The reproductive cloning is found with many ethical, religious, legal problems, which today still have no apparent solutions. In some states, work on reproductive cloning is prohibited in law. The therapeutic cloning suggests that the embryo development is stopped for 14 days, and the embryo is used as a product to obtain stem cells. Legislators in many countries fear that the legalization of the therapeutic cloning will lead to its transition into the reproductive one. However, in the USA and UK the therapeutic cloning is allowed. In addition, it is important to mention the main types of cloning. Bacteria cloning: Cloning is the only method of reproduction for bacteria. However, usually when people talk about cloning bacteria, they mean the intentional reproduction of some bacteria, the cultivation of its clones, and culture. Natural cloning (in nature) of complex organisms: Cloning is widespread in nature in different organisms. In plants, natural cloning is done with various methods of vegetative propagation. Molecular cloning: Owing to fundamental biological discoveries of the 19-th century, namely: the discovery of cellular tissue, the invention of the electron microscope, the discovery of the cell nucleuss structure, chromosomes, the DNA and genes, scientists can make possible what is now called molecular cloning. This is the technology of cloning the smallest biological objects molecules of the DNA, their parts and even individual genes. Molecular cloning of the DNA (usually in some way modified) is incorporated into a vector (e.g., bacterial plasmid or phage genome). Cloning of multicellular organisms: The greatest public and scientists attention involve multicellular organisms cloning, which was made possible due to success of genetic engineering. By creating special conditions and interfering with the structure of the cell nucleus, the experts make it evolve into the desired tissue or even whole organism. There are complete (reproductive) and partial cloning of organisms. With the help of complete cloning it is possible to recreate the entire body as a whole but partial cloning of the organism is not fully recreated (for example, only one or another of its fabric.) Animal, higher plant cloning and human cloning. To consider the ethical issues against the use of genetic engineering on food items, it is necessary to mention the opposing side and their points of argument at first and then lay down my expository and productive counteracting points on the proposing side. The opposing sides to the usage of genetically engineered foods have the following points; 1) these foods usually have been exposed to new toxins by method of genetic engineering making them dangerous to health, 2) there is lack of full control to these processes and there could be spontaneous and unexpected outbreak of unfavorable outcomes, 3) the alteration forms could lead to death as has been recorded concerning the altered form of food supplement- L-tryptophan killing an American citizen. This is a well-known fact that genetic engineering leads to the breeding of new strains of crops with disease resistance by the manipulations that organizes the stronger genes together and the removal of the weak ones. There is also the abi lity of producing crops with added nutrients like vitamins. This is a method that ensures fast and increased rate of food production to feed the worlds growing population. This affords the opportunity of growing crops that resist pest destructions. Finally, the presence of anti-freeze gene extracted from cold water fish which can be used genetically to induce higher cold tolerance in crops and prevent their damage by cold. In conclusion, it is rational to consider convincingly with these points of scientists that improvement in technologies have to be given full support to continue as it tends more towards solving mans problems than the possible disadvantages it can bring.

Social Change Theories Essay -- Sociology

Social Change Theories Richard Roberts said, "As long as our social order regards the good of institutions rather than the good of men, so long will there be a vocation for the rebel." Moreover, the theories of functionalism, the conflict theory, and punctuated equilibrium enable rebels to emerge due to their theories' misplaced sense of value. Functionalism, largely influenced by Talcott Parsons, can be interpreted in several ways, creating the different versions of functionalism such as biocultural functionalism and structural-functionalism, which have different main aspects of belief. Bicultural functionalism expresses the belief that because of physiological needs social institutions were created in order to fulfill these needs. This belief suggests that functionalism, the belief that anything simply occurs because it serves a function, is based upon the individual's needs which include reproduction, food and shelter. Alternatively, the social structure and society as a "system of relationships" is also part of functionalism as the structural-functionalism view. According to the structural-functionalism it is not the individual that is important, but society as a whole. "He suggested that a society is a system of relationships maintaining itself through cybernetic feedback, while institutions are orderly sets of relati onships whose function is to maintain the society as a system." Overall functionalism in the idea that there is a disconnect between the mental states and the physical, and that mental states can only be identified through their functional role ("Functionalism." Web. N.p.). Parsons "[†¦] contributed to the structural-functionalist school conceptualized the social universe in terms of four types and levels of '... ...ll College. N.p., 21 Feb. 2000. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. . Morrow, Sarah , and Robert Lusteck. "Marxist Anthropology - Anthropological Theories." Department of Anthropology - The University of Alabama. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. . Porth, Eric, Kimberley Neutzling, and Jessica Edwards. "Functionalism - Anthropological Theories." Department of Anthropology - The University of Alabama. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012. . "Punctuated Equilibrium | Academic Room." Educational Websites | Online Books | Online Classes | Open Access. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. .

Murdered jews of europe

History and Theory Essay: Architecture and Memory: Memorial to the Murdered Jews of EuropeFirst Page Quoteâ€Å" Abstract, unfastened and inclusive commemoration signifiers appear most frequently in cases where states attempt to memorialize their ain offenses. They seem to be capable of leting both the perpetrating state and its victims to show their histories in a individual incorporate memorial, and therefore to encapsulate a new incorporate post-conflict individuality † ( Elizabeth Strakosch )IntroductionThroughout history, states have sought to exhibit societal memory of their past accomplishments whilst conversely wipe outing the memory of evildoings committed during their development. These nostalgic contemplations of historic events have been both literally and figuratively portrayed in didactic memorials, which carefully edify the events into clear word pictures of province triumph and victory. However, displacements in the discourse of twentieth century political relations have given rise to the voice of the victim within these narratives. The traditional nation-state is now answerable to an international community instead than itself ; a community that acknowledges the importance of human rights and upholds moral conditions. These provinces continue to build an individuality both in the past and present, but are expected to admit their ain exclusions and accept blameworthiness for their old exploitations. In this new clime the traditional commemoration does non go disused, but alternatively evolves beyond a celebratory memorial, progressively citing the province ‘s evildoings and function as culprit. This progressive switch in attitude has given birth to a new signifier of commemoration: the anti-monument. These modern-day commemorations abandon nonliteral signifiers in penchant of abstraction. This medium facilitates a dialogical relationship between spectator and capable whilst besides advancing ambivalency. Critically, this new typology allows the narration of the victim and culprit to entwine into a individual united signifier, a alleged move towards political damages. This essay analyses the tradition and features of historic memorials and the post-industrial development of the anti-monument. The essay surveies and inquiries abstraction as the chosen vehicle of the anti-monument, utilizing Peter Eisenman ‘s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe as a case-study. I argue that despite its success as a piece of public art, basically, it fails to execute its map of memorialization through its abstracted, equivocal signifier.Traditional MemorialsTraditional memorials use nonliteral imagination to organize an intuitive connexion to the spectator. They use linguistic communication and iconography to show the looker-on with the province ‘s idealized perceptual experience of a important event in history. Throughout clip, these memorials have frequently outlasted the civilisations or political governments who constructed them and as a consequence their undisputed specific narrative becomes unequivocal ; all memory of an alternate narration is l ost with the passing of informants who could remember these existent events. This has the negative effect of relieving the contemporary visitant of duty for the past and fails to suit the invariably altering and varied position of the spectator. In this regard, the permanency of the traditional memorial nowadayss an unchallengeable narrative which becomes an active presence to the visitant, who is ever the receptive component.Reasons for the alteration – introduce anti-monumentHowever, events of the 20th century such as the atomic blast at Hiroshima and the atrociousness of the Holocaust altered commemorate pattern. Memorials were no longer militaristic and celebratory but alternatively acknowledged the offenses of the province against civilians. Interior designers were faced with the countless challenge of memorializing ‘the most quintessential illustration of adult male ‘s inhumaneness to adult male – the Holocaust. ‘An event so ruinous it prevents any effort to singularly enter the single victim. The new typology that emerged would subsequently be defined as the anti-monument.The anti-monumentThe anti-monument aimed to chase away old memorial convention by prefering a dialogical signifier over the traditional didactic memorial. This new memorial typology avoided actual representation through nonliteral look and written word in favour of abstraction. This move toward the abstract enabled the spectator to now go the active component and the memorial to go the receptive component ; a role-reversal that allowed the visitant to convey their ain reading to the commemoration. James E Young commented that the purpose of these commemorations: â€Å" †¦ is non to comfort but to arouse ; non to stay fixed but to alter ; non to be everlasting but to vanish ; non to be ignored by passersby but to demand interaction ; non to stay pristine but to ask for its ain misdemeanor and desanctification ; non to accept gracefully the load of memory but to throw it back at the town ‘s pess. † In this manner, James E Young suggests that the anti-monument Acts of the Apostless receptively to history, clip and memory. He besides states: â€Å" Given the inevitable assortment of viing memories, we may ne'er really portion a common memory at these sites but merely the common topographic point of memory, where each of us is invited to retrieve in our ain manner. † It is this point that basically determines the of import and necessary dialogical character of all Holocaust commemorations. ( point could be stronger here )The debut of The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of EuropeAnd so, in 1999 the Federal Republic of Germany passed a declaration to raise a commemoration to the murdered Jews of Europe. This commemoration intended to ‘honour the murdered victims ‘ and ‘keep alive the memory of these impossible events in German history ‘ . An unfastened competition selected American, Peter Eisenman as the winning designer, who proposed an expansive field of 2,711 stelae and ‘the Ort ‘ , a auxiliary information Centre. The commemoration is non merely important for its intents of recollection, but besides represents the first constructed national memorial to the Holocaust with fiscal and political support from the German Federal State.Location and relationship to immediate context.The location of the memorial itself is considered arbitrary by some, as the site has no old intension with the Holocaust or Nazism, but alternatively was a former no-mans land in the decease strip of the Berlin Wall. Whilst the commemorating power of this location may be questioned, the significance of its arrangement lies within its integrating into Berlin ‘s urban kingdom. The edge status of the memorial nowadayss a natural passage between the stelae and the paving. The land plane and first stelae sit flower to each other be fore bit by bit lifting and recessing into two separate informations that create a zone of uncertainness between. The commemoration does non admit the specificity of the site and the deficiency of cardinal focal point intends to reflect the ambient nature of the victims and culprits in the metropolis of Berlin.Feeling created – bodily experience.Within the stelae each visitant senses the memory of the victims somatically by sing feelings of claustrophobia, uneasiness and freak out within the narrow paseos and graduated table of the memorial. It was non Peter Eisenman ‘s purpose to emulate the restrictive status of a decease cantonment, but alternatively, to promote the personal contemplation of the person in their function of transporting memory in the present. â€Å" In this memorial there is no end, no terminal, no working one ‘s manner in or out. The continuance of an person ‘s experience of it grants no farther apprehension, since apprehension is impossible. The clip of the memorial, its continuance from top surface to land, is disjoined from the clip of experience. In this context, there is no nostalgia, no memory of the yesteryear, merely the living memory of the single experience. Here, we can merely cognize the past through its manifestation in the present. † In this sense, each visitant is invited to see the absence created by the Holocaust and in bend, each feels and fills such a nothingness. It can non be argued that this material battle with absence is non powerful ; nevertheless, in most cases the feeling becomes passing. Each visitant walks precariously around the commemoration, hesitating for idea and expecting the following corner. They are forced to alter gait and way unwillingly and face the changeless menace of hit at every bend and intersection of the looming stelae. It is this status, in my sentiment, that instills the feeling of menace and edginess into most visitants as opposed to the perceived connexion between themselves and the victims.Anti-commemorative: maps as art instead than a memorial.The commemoration does non give any infinite for assemblages of people and therefore inhibits any ceremonial usage in the act of memory. The aggregation of stelae is evocative of the graveyards of Judaic ghettos in Europe where due to infinite restraints ; gravestones are piled high and crowded together at different angles. Some visitants treat the commemoration as a graveyard, walking easy and mutely, before halting and layering flowers or tapers at the side of a stele. The presence of these drab grievers and their objects of recollection are one of the lone indexs that clearly place the stelae field as a commemoration. However, the objects discarded at the commemoration are ever removed by the staff, proposing the memorial be experienced in its intended signifier ; a relationship more kindred to public art instead than that of a commemoration.Rigid order – how the memorial suggests the victim and perpertratorIn Eisenman ‘s sentiment, the commemoration is symbolic of a apparently stiff and apprehensible system of jurisprudence and order that mutates into something much more profane. The visitant experiences this first-hand when feeling lost and disorientated in the environment they one time perceiv ed as rational and negotiable from the exterior. â€Å" The undertaking manifests the instability inherent in what seems to be a system, here a rational grid, and its potency for disintegration in clip. It suggests that when a purportedly rational and ordered system grows excessively big and out of proportion to its intended intent, it in fact loses touch with human ground. It so begins to uncover the innate perturbations and potency for pandemonium in all systems of looking order, the thought that all closed systems of a closed order are bound to neglect. † Through abstraction, the memorial efforts to admit both the victims and culprits in a individual, incorporate signifier. The regular grid of the memorial and its delusory portraiture of reason acknowledge the culprits of the offense: the Nazi Third Reich. Whilst viewed from afar, the stelae resemble gravestones in a graveyard, allowing the victims a marker for their life, a marker antecedently denied to them by a Nazi government who aimed to wipe out all memory of their being.How the memorial evokes memory – contrasting experiencesEisenman ‘s commemoration is concerned with how the yesteryear is manifested in the present. His involvement lies non with the murdered Jews the commemoration aims to mark, but alternatively, how the contemporary visitant can associate to those victims. In this regard, the memorial licenses recollection displaced from the memory of the holocaust itself. Eisenman wrote: â€Å" The memory of the Holocaust can ne'er be one of nostalgia. †¦ The Holocaust can non be remembered in the nostalgic manner, as its horror everlastingly ruptured the nexus between nostalgia and memory. The memorial efforts to show a new thought of memory as distinguishable from nostalgia. † The field of stelae does non show a nostalgic remembrance of Judaic life before the holocaust ; neither do they try to encapsulate the events of the race murder. Alternatively, the memorial connects with the visitant through a material battle that facilitates an single response to memory.contrast between stelae and info Centre.The stelae have the consequence of making a ghostly atmosphere as the sounds of the environing streets and metropolis are deadened, overstating the visitant ‘s uncomfortableness. However, the atmosphere is disturbed by the cheering, laughter and conversation of visitants lost in the stelae looking for one another. In pronounced contrast, the subterraneous information Centre has the consequence of hushing its dwellers. The exhibition provides a actual representation of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust, pedagogically exposing the letters, vesture and personal properties of a smattering of victims. Eisenman originally rejected the inclusion of a topograph ic point of information so that the stelae field would go the sole and unequivocal experience. However, his competition win was conditional upon its inclusion. It is my sentiment that ‘The Ort ‘ or information Centre has become the important topographic point of memory and memorialization despite being at the same time downplayed by the designer and German province. The little edifice is located belowground and accessed via a narrow stairway amongst the stelae. As with the commemoration as a whole, there is no recognition of its being or map, and as a consequence must be discovered through roving. It performs memorialization far more successfully than the stelae field by bring forthing an emotional response from the visitant. It is the lone subdivision of the commemoration where the holocaust is explicitly present ; where visitants are non removed from the horrors but alternatively confronted with them. In the dark suites the hurt of the visitant is easy gauged as they walk about solemnly as the world of the holocaust becomes perceptible. The acoustic presence of shouting and sobbing are far removed from the laughter and shoutin g in the stelae above. The exhibition features infinites where the lifes of victims are made hearable longer sentence here will assist the flow. In these suites the smallest inside informations of the victim ‘s disregarded lives are told in a heavy voice which instantly gives substance to the person and corporate loss. The visitant ‘s injury is perceptible here as the impossible statistics are non portrayed as abstract representations, but alternatively are personified. The abstract nature of the stelae and site as a whole have the affect of doing the commemoration a relaxed and convenient topographic point to be. The memorial has transcended the theory that commemorations command regard by their mere being, with the site going a portion of mundane life for Berliners as a topographic point of leisure. Many stumble on the commemoration as an empty labyrinth, a kids ‘s resort area where people walk across the stelae, leaping from one to another. They are faced with conflicting emotions between an inherent aptitude to demo regard and a desire to fulfill a self-generated demand to play. The commemoration ‘s aspiration is to enable every visitant to make their ain decision and determine an single experience, which through abstraction it achieves. However, by the same means, it facilitates a withdrawal between the person and the commemoration ‘s primary map of memorialization. The theoretical narration of the stelae field is an highly co mplex and powerful thought, nevertheless the equivocal, absent design fails to let the visitant to associate to the victims or derive an apprehension of the atrociousnesss of the holocaust. Therefore, whilst experienced in its uniqueness, the abstract stelae field fails to mark, alternatively being dependant on the didactic attack of the information Centre to let the visitant to associate to the holocaust and its victims.DecisionWhen measuring the entries for the original competition Stephen Greenblatt wrote: â€Å" It has become progressively evident that no design for a Berlin commemoration to retrieve the 1000000s of Jews killed by Nazis in the Holocaust will of all time turn out adequate to the huge symbolic weight it must transport, as legion designs have been considered and discarded. Possibly the best class at this point would be to go forth the site of the proposed commemoration at the bosom of Berlin and of Germany empty†¦ † Possibly this attack would hold finally become more pertinent. How does one design a memorial in memory of an event so impossible that in some manner does n't hold the inauspicious affect of doing it more toothsome? Possibly, as Archigram frequently insisted, the reply is non a edifice. Alternatively, the absence of a memorial delegates the duty of memorialization to the person who as carriers of memory, come to symbolize the memorial. Potentially inquiry / remark on the hereafter of the memorial.

Bourdieus Understanding the Power for Social Change

Bourdieu describes habitus as a power of adaptation. It constantly performs an adaptation to the outside world which only exceptionally takes the form of radical conversion (Bourdieu, 1993). Bourdieus concept of habitus enables us to understand women as a complex amalgam of their past and present (Bourdieu, 1990a), but an amalgam that is always in the process of completion. There is no finality or finished identity. At the same time, habitus also includes a set of complex, diverse predispositions. It invokes understandings of identity premised on familial legacy and early childhood socialisation. As such, it is primarily a dynamic concept, a rich interlacing of past and present, interiorised and permeating both body and psyche. Much of the dynamism of habitus is the product of the interconnection of habitus with Bourdieus related concept of field. Field is a set of objective, historical relations between positions anchored in certain forms of power (or capital) (Wacquant in Bourdieu Wacquant, 1992, p. 16). A dialectic relationship exists be- tween the two concepts. In one direction there is a flow of influence from field to habitus that produces a relationship of conditioning in which the field structures the habitus. When Bourdieu refers to , is usually referring to the different types of capitals that one person can acquire. These capitals are economic, linguistic, and cultural (Bourdieu, 1991). Depending of the quantity of each of these capitals, a person isShow MoreRelatedSocial Capital And Cultural Capital1264 Words   |  6 PagesAfter cultural capital and cultural arbitrary, then, comes the third capital, which Bourdieu’s theory terms habitus. Habitus is a term, which is similar to cultural capital because they are transmitted from home: â€Å"Like cultural capital, habitus is transmitted within the home† (Sullivan 149). 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